devising an appropriate breeding strategy for different crops to face the challenge of climate change
Sukhchain,
Published in International Journal of Advanced Research in Biology and BioTechnology
ISSN: xxxx-xxx Impact Factor:xx Volume:1 Issue:1 Year: 16 March,2015 Pages:32-45
Abstract
With the exponential rise in carbon dioxide, its concentration will double by the middle of 21st century. The effects of an increase in carbon dioxide would be higher on C3 plants (such as wheat) than on C4 plants (such as maize), as the former is more susceptible to carbon dioxide deficit. Increased CO2 leads to fewer stomata development in case of plants which results in less water usage. It is estimated that under optimum conditions of temperature and humidity, the yield increase could reach 36 % if the levels of CO2 are doubled. A large number of stress responsive genes have been cloned and sequenced from a number of crop plants. A common feature of many stress induced proteins is that their transcripts are induced not only by stress but also by (ABA) abscisic acid. It implies that there is a general role for ABA in the signal transduction pathway i. e. from sensing of the environmental stress and thereby leading to gene expression. To understand this complex network of gene activation requires major studies. A bacterial gene mt1D involved in the biosynthesis of mannitol was introduced into tobacco behind a constitutine promoter 4 and the transgenic plants were assayed for salt resistance. It was further observed that a successful strategy to alleviate the detrimental effects of cellular dehydration stress as experienced during drought, salt or cold stress is through engineering of compatible solutes or osmoprotectants to maintain the water potential of the cell.
Kewords
climate change, abiotic factors, greenhouse gas emissions, temperature.
Reference
1. Acevado E, Fereres E. Resistance to abiotic stresses. In: Plant Breeding: Principles and Prospects, (Eds.) M.D. hayword, N.O. Bosemark and I. Romagosa, Chapman and hall, London, 1993, p. 406-421. 2. Anonymous. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Special Report on Emissions Scenarios. (http://www.grida.no/climate/pcc/emission/076.htm) retrieved on 2009-09-14, 2007. 3. Anonymous Climate change and agriculture. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global-warming-and-agriculture) retrieved on 2010-05-13, 2010. 4. Bains S S, Dhaliwal L S and Sukhchain. Evaluation of rye and wild wheat accessions for resistance to flood injury. Crop Improv. 1999: 26: 252-254. 5. Basra A S, Basra R K. Mechanism of Environmental Stress Resistance in Plants. Harwood Academic Publishers, Amsterdam., 1997a. 6. Basra A S, Basra R K (1997b). Molecular basis of abiotic stress resistance. In: Resistance Breeding in Crop Plants, (Eds.) Phul P S, Nanda G S, Chahal G S,Randhawa L S, Gill M S. Centre for Advance Studies, PAU, Ludhiana, India.p.206- 218 7. Carlos E C, Trumble J T. (1999). Effects of elevated atmospheric Carbon oxide on insect-pest interactions. Conservation Biology. 1999: 13: 700. 8. Dhaliwal L S, Sukhchain. (1997). Survival and grain yield of wheat genotypes under excess water stress. Crop Improv. 1997. 24 : 199-202. 9. Dhaliwal L S, Sukhchain. Excess water tolerance in lentil. Annals of Biology. 1998: 14: 69-70. 10. Gray J E, Holroyd G H, Lee F van der, Bahrami A R, Sijmons P C, Woodwards FI, Schuc, W, Hetherington A M. (2000). Guard cell signaling. Nature. 2000: 408: 413-416. 11. Fraser E. “Crop yield and climate change” (http.//www. vulnerable food systems.com/) retrieved June 26, 2007: 2008. 12. Kishore P B K, Hong Z, Miao G H, Hu C A A, Verma D P S. Overexpression of D- pyrroline-5-carboxylata synthetase increases proline production and confers osmotolerance in transgenic plants. Plant Physiol. 1995: 108: 1387-1394. 13. Lal R. Residue management, conservation tillage and soil restoration for mitigating greenhouse effects by CO2 enrichment. Soil and Tillage Research 1997: 43: 81-107. 14. Levitt J. Response of Plants to Environmental Stresses: Chilling, Freezing and High Temperature Stresses. Edition 2, Vol.1, Academic Press, New York, 1980a. 15. Levitt J. Response of Plants to Environmental Stresses: Water, Radiation, Salt and Other Stresses. Edition 2, Vol. 2, Academic Press, New York, 1980b. 16. Lobell D B, Burke M B, Tebaldi C, Mastrandrea M D, Falcon W P, Naylor R L. Prioritzing climate change adaptation needs for food security in 2030. Science. 2008: 319: 607-610. 17. Loladze I. Rising atmospheric CO2 and human nutrition: towards globally imbalanced plant stoichipometry? Trends in Ecology and Evolution. 2002: 17: 457. 18. Raja Reddy K, Kakani V G. Golden Jubilee Conference on “Challenges and Emerging scenario for Improving Plant Productivity”, 12-14, November, 2008, IARI, New Delhi, India. 19. Saxena V K, Malhi N S (1997). Breeding for high temperature stress in crop plants. In: Resistance Breeding in Crop Plants, (Eds.) Phul P S, Nanda G S, Chahal G S, Randhawa L S, Gill M S, Centre for Advance Studies, PAU, Ludhiana, India, 1997, p. 206-218. 20. Schneider S H. “Assessing key vulnerabilities and the risk from climate change.” In: Climate Change 2007 : Impacts , Adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution of working group II to the Fourth Asssessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [M. L. Parry et al. (eds.) 21. Sukhchain, Sandhu D, Saini G S. Inter-relationships among cane yield and commercial cane sugar and their component traits in autumn plant crop of sugarcane. Euphytica. 1997: 95: 109-114. 22. Sukhchain, Thind K S. Effect of planting season on the flood tolerance of sugarcane. Sugar Cane. 1997: 13-15. 23. Sukhchain, Saini A K. Effect of water-logging and high water table on varietal performance in sugarcane. Sugar Cane. 1998: 15-16. 24. Sukhchain. Inter-relationships among cane yield and commercial cane sugar. Indian J Ecol. 2003: 30: 76-81. 25. Sukhchain. Flooding effects on yield and other traits in different rice varieties and hybrids. Indian J Ecol. 2005: 32: 42-44. 26. Tarczynski M C, Jensen R G, Bohnert, H J. Stress protection of transgenic tobacco by production of of the osmolyte mannitol. Science. 1993: 259: 508-510. 27. Uprety D C, Mishra R C, Abrol Y P. Effect of elevated elevated CO2 and moisture on the photosynthesis and water stress and water relation in Brassica species. J. Crop Sci. & Agron (Germany). 1995: 175: 231-237. 28. Uprety D C, Dwivedi N, Mohan R. Characterization of CO2 responsiveness in Brassica oxycamp interspecific hybrid. J. Crop Sci. & Agron (Germany). 1998: 180: 7-13. 29. Uprety D C. Golden Jubilee Conference on “Challenges and Emerging scenario for Improving Plant Productivity”, 12-14, November, 2008, IARI, New Delhi, India. 30. Uprety D C, Reddy V R. Rising atmospheric CO2 and crops. ICAR Monograph, ICAR, Govt. of India, New Delhi, 2008. P. 114. 31. Woodwards F, Kelly C. The influence of CO2 concentration on stomatal density. New Phytologist. 1995: 131: 311-327.
