research article geopolitical designs in afghanistan
Mushtaq Ahmad Bhat,
Published in International Journal of Advanced Research in Political Science, Law and International Relations
ISSN: xxxx-xxxx Impact Factor:xx Volume:1 Issue:1 Year: 08 February,2014 Pages:1-8
Abstract
This paper highlights the geopolitical rivalry during 18th century between former USSR and British. Afghanistan fell again in geopolitical game after 9/11 in which the victim America is the main actor. The September 11 2001 attacks on America were a series of coordinated suicide attacks by terrorists. Some states are of the opinion that the attacks were not carried out by the Al-Qaeda; it was the conspiracy of US administration in order to fulfill some international interests. There are different conspiracy theories regarding these incidents. Now let’s see that was 9/11 the work of Osama’s Al-Qaeda terrorists or were they merely the cover story of a deeper conspiracy? Network news has shown those planes crashing into the Twin Towers and the Towers’ subsequent collapse thousands of times. The official explanation for these tragic events is that 19 of Osama bin Laden’s Al-Qaeda terrorists hijacked four commercial airliners and crashed them into the World Trade Centre, the Pentagon and a field in Pennsylvania. The immediate reaction of the US administration was very fast, US launched an operation called ‘Operation Enduring freedom’ to eliminate the Al- Qaeda terrorist organization operational in different parts of the world especially in Afghanistan. This paper is divided into four sections. It begins with the introduction of the whole geopolitics of the area, and then moves the geopolitical theories. The third section examines the geopolitical developments in Afghanistan and the conspiracy theories against 9/11. The fourth section analyses US interests and objectives in Afghanistan, and impact of US presence there.
Kewords
geopolitics; 9/11; al-Qaeda; rimland; CAR’s; NATO; mujahideen; extremism
Reference
Friedrich Ratzal, Political Geography, London, 1897, pp. 4-8. Guy Ankerl, Co-exiting Contemporary Civilizations: Arabo-Muslim, Bharti, Chinese and Western, Geneva: INU Press, 2000, pp.1-5. Sir Halford Mackinder, Democratic Ideals and Reality, London, 1904, pp.1-6. Colin S. Gray Geoffery Sloan, Geopolitics, Geography and Strategy, (ed.), Routledge, London, 1999, pp.1-4. Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick, USA and London, 2002,p.8. Saul Cohen, Geography and Politics in a World Divided, USA, pp.1-4. Raimo Vayrynen, Geopolitics of Afghanistan, “Journal of Peace Research,” Special Issue on Imperialism and Militarization, vol. 17, no. 2, 1980, Sage Publications Ltd. P.93. Martin McCauley, Afghanistan and Central Asia, A Modern History, Pearson Education Limited, Britain, 2005, p.16. The Economist, London, January 3, 1980, pp.25-26. Halliday, “Revolution in Afghanistan”, New Left Review, no.1, 1978, USA, pp.1o-14. Arnold Fleicher, Afghanistan: Highway of Conquest, New York, 1965, pp.213-215. Gregorian Vatran, The Emergence of Modern Afghanistan, Politics of Reforms and Modernization, Standard Publication, New York, 1969, pp. 91-108. Musa Khan Jalalzai, The Foreign Policy of Afghanistan, Sang-e-Meel Publications, Lahore, 2003, pp.339-340. Z. Brzezinski, The Grand Chessboard, American Primacy and its Strategic Imperatives, Basic Books, New York, 1997, p.xiv. www.eurasianet.org/opinion/afgh.html A Wordsmiths Compilation, Afghanistan; Things Fall Apart, Wordsmiths, New Delhi, 2002. Adamec, Ludwig, W., Badakshan Province and Northeastern Afghanistan (ed), Akademische,Druck/Graz/Austrailia, 1972. Afzal, M. Rafique, History and Politics, 1947-1971, Oxford University Press, Pakistan, 2001. Ali Shah Wiqar, Syed, Ethnicity, Islam and Nationalism, Muslim Politics in the NWFP, 1937-194, Karachi, 2000. Ali Shah, Mehtab, The Foreign Policy of Pakistan; Ethnic Impacts on Diplomacy, 1971-1994, I. B. Tauris, London/New York, 1997. Behera, Ajay Darshan, Joseph, Mathew C, Pakistan in a Changing Strategic Context, University of Jammu, 2004. Bergen Peter, L, Holy War, Inside the Secret World of Osama bin Laden INC, Weidenfeld and Nicholsion, London, 2001. Burke, S. M., and Qurashi Salahuddin, The British Raj in India; A Historical Account, Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1995. Chakarvarty, Subhash, Afghanistan and the Great Game, New Century Publications, 2002. Fouda, Yosri and Fielding Nick, Masterminds of Terror, Arcade Publishing, New York, 2003. G.D. Bakshi, Brigadier, VSM, Afghanistan: The First Faultline War, Lancer Publications, New Delhi, 2002. Gibb, H. R. A, The Arab Conquests in Central Asia, New York, 1923. Gregorian, Vartan, The Emergence of Modern Afghanistan, USA, 1995. Hussain, Rizwan, Pakistan and the Emergence of Islamic Militancy in Afghanistan, England/USA 2005. Hyman, Anthony, Afghanistan under Soviet Domination, 1964-91, London: Macmillan, 1992. Ingram, Edward, The Beginning of the Great Game in Asia, 1824-1834, London: Oxford University Press, 1979. Karimi, Christine Noelle, Afghanistan – a Country without a State (ed) Vanguard, Lahore/Karachi/Islamabad, 2002. Kennedy, Paul, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers, New York, 2000. Landsford, Tom, A Bitter Harvest, US Foreign Policy and Afghanistan, USA, 2003. Maley, William, The Afghanistan Wars, New York 2002.
